脉冲磁场水处理技术在杀菌、灭藻方面的研究

研究利用直流脉冲发生器与线圈绕组相连产生的脉冲磁场杀菌灭藻的水处理技术 .实验表明 ,脉冲电磁场具有明显的杀菌作用 ;增加磁场强度、处理时间和脉冲频率可以提高杀菌效果 .此外 ,通过监测处理后水样中溶解氧的变化 ,证实脉冲磁场具有灭藻功能 ,并表现出对强度和频率的选择 .当停留时间为 30min ,磁场强度 5 0 0mT ,脉冲频率 4 0kHz实验条件下 ,循环处理后水中细菌总数的存活率为 0 0 1% ,藻类基本死亡 ,电耗大约 0 2kW·h·m-3 .     

A legal assessment of private land conservation in South America

Privately protected areas (PPAs) are a potentially innovative conservation tool. Legal recognition is necessary for their success, especially where there are institutional challenges to nature conservation, such as in South America. Although PPAs have increased in South America since the early 2000s, there is a critical information gap pertaining to their legal frameworks. We analyzed the level of landowner commitment to and governmental support for PPAs across countries in South America that officially recognize PPAs. We analyzed the legal framework governing PPAs and reviewed literature on them. This process was done in English and Spanish. The information we gathered was validated by 16 conservation experts from 10 South American countries. Because Peru is 1 of only 2 South American countries where local communities create and manage PPAs, we studied Peruvian PPAs in more detail by examining official creation documents and interviewing 13 local conservation professionals. We found inadequate minimum duration of PPAs and vague guidelines for conducting economic activities within them and a lack of governmental support (e.g., financial and technical support) for PPAs. Support was limited to the exemption from rural property taxes, which are relatively low compared with countries outside South America. In Peru, PPAs run by individuals and communities needed different legal frameworks because they were created with different objectives and had different sizes and duration of commitments. The prompt improvement of legal frameworks across South America is necessary for PPAs to achieve their aim of being places for enduring nature conservation in the region.     

浅议水雷寿命期内环境条件和边界参数

针对水雷全寿命剖面中环境变量的边界参数进行了深入探讨,为确定水雷全寿命剖面的环境条件边界参数提供了新的研究方向。以确定舰船部署水雷的环境边界参数为案例进行了深入探讨,特别关注了这类水雷在其整个生命周期中的环境条件边界参数,并据此构建了一套用于确定其环境条件边界参数的策略,为水雷产品在其生命周期中环境条件边界参数的确定提供了新的研究方向,这将有助于推动水雷环境工程分析技术的进步,能够更准确地评估水雷的性能和可靠性,从而为水雷的设计和应用提供科学依据。为了进一步提高水雷装备的可靠性和水雷环境工程分析技术,需要对现有的研究思路进行深化和完善,并将其应用于水雷环境条件边界参数的确定过程中,从而为装备建设提供更为坚实的技术支持和依据。     

诱导结晶法去除地下水中氟离子简

针对现行高氟地下水处理工艺中存在的工艺复杂、运行管理困难等问题，提出采用诱导结晶法除氟。其技术核心是在高氟水中投加氟磷灰石作为晶种，并投加磷酸盐和钙盐使水中氟离子在晶种表面生成氟磷酸钙（Ca₁₀（PO₄） ₆F₂）结晶。通过单因素实验得出最佳工艺条件：投加8g/L氟磷灰石，并投加NaH₂PO₄和CaCl₂，使钙离子、磷酸根离子和氟离子的摩尔比为10：5：1，搅拌速度为100 r/min，反应时间1 h。反应中磷酸根离子和钙离子的利用率分别达到98%和25%以上。电子扫描显微镜（SEM）表征晶种在参与反应后，表面有结晶生成。研究表明，采用诱导结晶法可将水中氟离子浓度从5~10 mg/L降至1 mg/L以下，达到饮用水水质标准。     

三峡水库地震孕震机理及蓄水地震活动分析

本文从三峡库区区域地质构造、活动断裂及库区水文地质特点建立三峡库区区域地震模型;根据蓄水后岩石的库水与地质相互作用对该区水文地质及构造影响,对该区水库诱发地震进行理论分析,浅释了三峡库区水库地震孕震机理;以三峡遥测台网测震资料及宜昌台地壳形变手段在蓄水前后的监测的地壳动态变化特征为基础,对三峡水库诱发地震作了初步探讨及趋势分析.     

黄铜温度计套管汞裂破坏的观察

对一起黄铜汞裂破坏的构件进行形貌和金相分析,结合能谱测试,讨论了汞裂破坏形式、汞裂破坏机制,汞裂与一般沿晶型应力腐蚀破裂及晶间腐蚀的差别.指出汞裂是汞或其蒸气沿应力作用造成的缺陷部位深入组织内部,通过物理或化学作用与原来的组织在晶界生成强度低的新相,破裂沿新相区域出现.     

OH自由基绝对标定系统的建立和研究

利用H2 O在 1 85nm紫外光照射下产生定量OH自由基 ,用低压扩散激光诱导荧光技术建立了OH自由基标定系统 .在实验条件下 ,体系产生OH自由基的浓度范围为 3× 1 0 7— 2× 1 0 9个·cm- 3,得到归一化荧光信号 (S)与OH自由基浓度的定量关系为S =6 0 4× 1 0 - 9[OH]- 0 0 4 0 7(R2 =0 987) ,并研究和讨论了饱和效应以及体系中可能存在的干扰 .     

Surviving the change to warning colouration: density-dependent polyphenism suggests a route for the evolution of aposematism

Summary. How warning colouration first appeared remains a disputed question in evolutionary biology. A density-dependent transition from crypsis to aposematism that occurs during phase change in the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) provides insight into the conditions under which acquiring warning colouration is adaptive. When crowded for only a few hours, solitarious locusts cease avoiding each other and actively aggregate. This occurs well before they acquire warning colouration. We show that accompanying this early behavioural gregarisation is a remarkable shift in feeding behaviour, in which solitarious insects switch from being deterred by a toxic plant alkaloid to feeding avidly upon foods containing it. A computer simulation shows how crypsis ceases to be effective as an anti-predator strategy when solitarious locusts are crowded, how chemical defence becomes essential as conspicuousness increases with local density, and how warning colouration becomes advantageous under these conditions. These findings provide empirical evidence for an adaptive route for the change from a cryptic edible phenotype to a brightly coloured toxic one.     

Constitutive or induced defences - how does <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus globulus</Emphasis> defend itself from larval feeding?

Summary. Following herbivory, induced responses involving plant secondary metabolites have been reported in a number of tree species. Although a wide range of plant secondary metabolites appear to operate as constitutive plant defences in trees belonging to the Eucalyptus genus, no induced responses have as yet been reported following foliar-chewing insect damage. We empirically tested whether branch defoliation (artificial and larval) of 2-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees altered the abundance of specific plant secondary metabolites immediately (3 months after initial larval feeding) and 8 months after the cessation of larval feeding. Metabolites assayed, included essential oils, polyphenolic groups and foliar wax compounds and in all cases their abundance was not significantly altered by defoliation. However, the level of foliar tannins after 3 months of larval feeding did display a trend that suggested elevated levels as the result of defoliation, though this trend was not evident 8 months later, indicating that, if real, the response was a rapid and not a delayed induced response. The level of foliar tannins was also negatively correlated to both average larval survival and average percentage branch defoliation, suggesting that foliar tannins may operate as toxins and/or anti-feedants to M. privata larval feeding.     

Leaf volatiles and polyphenols in pear trees infested byPsylla pyricola. Evidence of simultaneously induced responses

Summary Feeding by the homopteranPsylla pyricola on leaves of pear trees induces the production of volatile compounds, such as (E,E)--farnesene and methyl-salicylate, as well as the production of polyphenols. The inference on induction is based on GC-MS and HPLC chromatograms from the same samples ofPsylla infested leaves, leaves from the same pear tree beforePsylla infestation and uninfested leaves from other pear trees.Psylla infestation greatly enhanced the production of volatiles ((E,E)--farnesene, methyl-salicylate and others) and triggered the production of new polyphenols, characterized by much longer retention times.However, the responses to infestation depend critically on leaf age (defined by leaf distance to apex). With respect to the leaf volatiles it appears that infested, old leaves produce fewer compounds and lower amounts of the volatiles than infested, young leaves. Moreover, there seem to be differences in pattern. Relative to (E,E)--farnesene, methyl-salicylate was found in much lower amounts in heavily infested, old leaves. With respect to polyphenols it was found that infested old leaves collected in August have polyphenols with the same retention times, but more or less equal amounts as uninfested young leaves collected in May. This shows thatPsylla infestation causes the induced response mostly in young leaves.The induced leaf volatiles may act as synomones to heteropteran bugs. As shown elsewhere,Anthocoris nemoralis responds significantly to (E,E)--farnesene and methyl-salicylate when offered in pure form against clean air in a Y-tube olfactometer. The effect of polyphenols on the performance ofP. pyricola is not yet known. Hence, a role in direct defence is still to be investigated.